The integrity concept in information security includes which elements?

• A. Guarding against improper information modifications or destruction, and ensuring non-repudiation and authenticity
• B. Ensuring authorized restrictions on access
• C. Providing timely access
• D. Encrypting data at rest

Answer: (C)

Integrity means keeping information accurate and trustworthy by preventing unauthorized changes or destruction and by verifying who the information came from. It also includes non-repudiation and authenticity, which ensure that actions can be proven and that the data’s origin can be trusted. In other words, integrity is about making sure data isn’t altered improperly and that its source and integrity can be demonstrated. The other aspects map to other parts of the CIA triad: restricting access is confidentiality, providing timely access is availability, and encrypting data at rest primarily supports confidentiality (though encryption can aid integrity in some contexts, it doesn’t define it).